Extreme weather events are phenomena that deviate significantly from the usual climate conditions of a region, and their frequency and intensity have become central to the discussion of climate change. These events encompass a variety of meteorological, hydrological, and climatic disturbances that are more severe, prolonged, and damaging than normal weather fluctuations. Each type of extreme weather event carries its own unique set of characteristics, causes, and consequences, but they all share the ability to disrupt human life, ecosystems, and economies. Understanding their distinct features provides insight into both their scientific nature and their social implications in the context of a warming planet. One of the most recognized extreme weather events is the heatwave. A heatwave refers to a prolonged period of abnormally high temperatures, often accompanied by high humidity, which exceeds the usual climate patterns of a region. The key characteristic of a heatwave is persistence, with temperatures staying above average for several days or even weeks. They often result in health crises, particularly heat exhaustion and heatstroke, and place vulnerable populations such as the elderly and children at high risk. Heatwaves also cause strain on infrastructure by increasing electricity demand for cooling, thereby overloading power grids. Another notable characteristic is their impact on agriculture, as prolonged heat dries out soils, reduces crop yields, and exacerbates drought conditions. In recent decades, climate change has intensified heatwaves, making them longer, more frequent, and more severe across continents. In contrast to heatwaves, cold waves or extreme cold spells represent periods of unusually low temperatures lasting for several days. These events often occur when Arctic air masses shift southward, causing temperatures to plummet far below seasonal averages. A defining feature of cold waves is their sudden onset and capacity to disrupt daily life by freezing transportation systems, water supplies, and agricultural processes. They also pose serious health risks such as hypothermia and frostbite. Although global warming is often associated with rising temperatures, climate change can paradoxically increase the volatility of cold spells by disrupting atmospheric circulation, such as the weakening of the polar vortex. This demonstrates that extreme weather is not limited to warming alone, but also includes irregularities in cold events.