B.R. Ambedkar, widely recognized as the chief architect of the Indian Constitution and a social reformer, had a distinct and critical approach towards Marxism, which he analyzed both from an economic and a social perspective. Ambedkar’s economic thought was rooted in his deep concern for social justice, equality, and the eradication of caste-based discrimination. Unlike classical Marxist theorists who emphasized class struggle as the primary driver of social transformation, Ambedkar argued that in the Indian context, the caste system created a unique form of social hierarchy that could not be understood merely through the lens of economic exploitation or class struggle. He believed that any discussion of economic reforms in India had to account for the deeply entrenched caste inequalities that governed social and economic life. For Ambedkar, Marxism, while providing valuable insights into economic exploitation and the dynamics of capitalism, had certain limitations when applied to India, especially because it largely ignored the socio-religious dimensions of inequality that were central to Indian society. Ambedkar acknowledged the analytical strength of Marxist theory in highlighting the exploitative nature of the capitalist system and the structural inequalities generated by economic relations. He appreciated the Marxist critique of private property concentration and the uneven distribution of wealth under capitalism. Ambedkar’s economic thinking shared certain concerns with Marxism, such as the need to protect workers’ rights, reduce economic disparity, and create opportunities for the marginalized. However, Ambedkar was critical of the Marxist focus on the conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat as the principal axis of social conflict. In India, he argued, the conflict between castes and the oppression of marginalized communities, particularly the Dalits, could not be reduced to mere class struggle. He stressed that caste discrimination was not only an economic issue but also a social, cultural,