Sustainable development seeks to balance economic growth, social welfare, and environmental protection so that the needs of the present are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. However, this goal is confronted by several complex and interrelated issues and challenges that make its achievement difficult in practice. One of the major challenges is environmental degradation caused by rapid industrialization, urbanization, and unsustainable consumption patterns. Deforestation, air and water pollution, soil erosion, and loss of biodiversity are increasing at alarming rates. These problems weaken ecosystems, reduce natural resources, and threaten the survival of many species, including humans. Another serious issue is climate change, which has emerged as one of the greatest threats to sustainable development. Rising global temperatures, melting glaciers, frequent floods, droughts, and cyclones disturb agricultural production, water availability, and human settlements. Developing countries are particularly vulnerable, as they often lack the financial and technological capacity to adapt