Unplanned urban expansion refers to the rapid and uncontrolled growth of cities without adequate consideration of land-use regulations, environmental capacity, infrastructure, and ecological conditions. It has significant impacts on local ecosystems and natural resources. As cities expand into surrounding agricultural lands, forests, wetlands, grasslands, and riverbanks, natural habitats are fragmented or destroyed. This reduces ecological stability and threatens biodiversity by disturbing the habitats of birds, insects, mammals, reptiles, and plant species. One of the major impacts of unplanned urbanisation is the loss of natural vegetation. The conversion of forests and open spaces into residential colonies, roads, industries, and commercial areas reduces green cover and wildlife habitats. Habitat fragmentation isolates species and disrupts migration, breeding, and feeding patterns. Wetlands and water bodies are often filled for construction, eliminating important ecosystems that support aquatic biodiversity and help control floods. Unplanned expansion also places considerable pressure on natural resources. Excessive groundwater extraction to meet the increasing demand for domestic and commercial use can lower groundwater levels and reduce water availability. Urban construction frequently increases the demand for sand, stone, timber, and other natural materials. At the same time, inadequate waste management contaminates soil and water resources through untreated sewage, plastics, chemicals, and other pollutants. The