Evaluation is a systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to judge the effectiveness of plans, programs, or activities, and it plays a crucial role in disaster management for improving preparedness, response, mitigation, and recovery strategies. Within this process, summative and formative evaluation differ in purpose, timing, focus, and use of results, though both contribute to effective disaster management practices. Formative evaluation is conducted during the planning and implementation stages of disaster management programs. Its primary purpose is improvement rather than judgment. In disaster management methods and techniques, formative evaluation focuses on assessing ongoing activities such as hazard mapping exercises, mock drills, early warning dissemination systems, community training programs, and preparedness plans. It helps planners and practitioners identify gaps, weaknesses, and strengths while the program is still in progress. For example, during the implementation of a disaster preparedness training program, formative evaluation may examine whether training materials are understandable, whether participants are actively engaged, and whether the methods used are appropriate for local risk contexts. The information gathered is used immediately to modify strategies, improve