Environmental history examines the dynamic relationship between human societies and the natural environment over time. It seeks to understand how ecological systems have influenced human civilization and how human actions have transformed landscapes, ecosystems, and natural resources. In the context of the Indian subcontinent, environmental history encompasses diverse themes such as forests, rivers, agriculture, climate, wildlife, settlement patterns, colonial interventions, and indigenous ecological knowledge. Since these subjects extend beyond the scope of a single discipline, an interdisciplinary approach becomes indispensable for developing a comprehensive understanding of environmental history. An interdisciplinary approach involves integrating concepts, theories, methods, and evidence from multiple academic disciplines to analyze complex historical processes. Environmental history cannot be adequately interpreted solely through political or economic narratives because environmental changes are shaped by interactions among ecological, social, cultural, technological, and institutional factors. Therefore, historians increasingly collaborate with geographers, ecologists, anthropologists, archaeologists, climatologists, economists, sociologists, and environmental scientists to reconstruct the environmental past. History provides the chronological framework within which environmental transformations can be examined. Historical records, inscriptions, chronicles, administrative documents, travel accounts, gazetteers, and archival sources reveal patterns of land use, irrigation systems, forest policies, famines, floods, and agricultural practices. These records help establish the sequence of environmental changes and their relationship with political and economic developments. Geography contributes significantly by explaining spatial variations in landscapes, climate, soils, vegetation, and water resources. Geographical tools such as cartography, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and remote sensing enable historians to compare historical and present-day landscapes. They help identify changes in forest cover, river courses, settlement expansion, and agricultural frontiers. In India, GIS mapping has been used to reconstruct historical forest boundaries and analyze urban expansion around major cities. Ecology offers insights into ecosystem functioning, biodiversity, food chains, nutrient cycles, and ecological resilience. Ecological principles explain how human interventions such as deforestation, monoculture cultivation, overgrazing, and mining disrupt ecological balance. Understanding ecological succession and biodiversity loss helps historians interpret long-term environmental consequences of historical land-use practices. Archaeology is another essential discipline in environmental history. Archaeological excavations provide evidence regarding ancient settlements, agricultural systems, irrigation structures, animal domestication, and climatic adaptation. The study of pollen grains, seeds, charcoal, bones, pottery, and tools enables scholars to reconstruct past environments. Excavations at Harappan sites reveal sophisticated water management systems, reservoirs, and urban planning adapted to local ecological conditions. Anthropology enriches environmental history by examining the relationship between indigenous communities and their environment. Tribal societies in India have traditionally managed forests, water bodies, and common lands through customary institutions and cultural practices. Anthropological studies demonstrate how local knowledge systems contributed to biodiversity conservation and sustainable resource management. Sacred groves, shifting cultivation practices, and community-managed forests illustrate the cultural dimensions of environmental conservation. Sociology contributes by examining how social structures, caste, class, gender, and institutions influence access to natural resources. Environmental degradation often affects different social groups unequally. Sociological perspectives help explain conflicts over forests, water, grazing lands, and displacement due to development projects. In India, environmental movements such