Biofertilizers and green manuring are both important components of sustainable agriculture, but they differ significantly in their nature, mode of action, and usage. Biofertilizers are preparations containing living microorganisms which, when applied to seeds, soil, or plant surfaces, colonize the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promote growth by increasing the availability of nutrients. Common types include nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as *Rhizobium*, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria like *Bacillus* and *Pseudomonas*, and mycorrhizal fungi which enhance nutrient uptake. Biofertilizers work by biological processes, making nutrients more accessible to plants without adding chemical compounds directly. They are eco-friendly, cost-effective, and help improve soil health over time, but their effect may take time to become noticeable compared to chemical fertilizers. On the other hand, green manuring involves the incorporation of green plant biomass, often leguminous crops such as sunn hemp (*Crotalaria juncea*), dhaincha (*Sesbania bispinosa*), or cowpea, into the soil to improve fertility. The decomposing green material releases nutrients, particularly nitrogen, into the soil, improves organic matter content, enhances soil structure, and stimulates microbial activity. Unlike biofertilizers, green manuring is a physical