The freedom movement in pre-Independence India had a profound impact on the development of science and technology, shaping both the institutional and intellectual landscape of the country. During the colonial period, scientific research in India was largely influenced by British priorities, focusing on administration, agriculture, and public health, often to serve the interests of the colonial economy rather than indigenous development. However, as the nationalist movement gained momentum, there emerged a parallel emphasis on scientific self-reliance and the revival of traditional knowledge systems, which laid the foundation for modern scientific institutions in India. One of the most visible impacts of the freedom movement was the establishment of Indian-led scientific institutions. Leaders of the nationalist movement recognized that scientific progress was crucial for nation-building and self-sufficiency. Prominent figures like Jagadish Chandra Bose and Prafulla Chandra Ray, who were inspired by patriotic ideals, pioneered research in physics, chemistry, and biology while actively promoting the idea that Indians should lead scientific inquiry. Bose’s work in plant physiology and radio science, along with Ray’s contributions to chemical research and education, inspired a generation of scientists who sought to combine global scientific knowledge with a sense of