Ecological succession is the gradual process by which ecosystems change and develop over time. It involves the sequential change in species composition and community structure in a particular area. Succession can occur in two main types: primary succession and secondary succession. Primary succession occurs in areas where no soil exists, such as on bare rock surfaces or lava flows. Initially, pioneer species like lichens and mosses colonize the area, breaking down the rock into smaller particles and helping form soil. Over time, more complex plant species like grasses and shrubs begin to grow, followed by trees, creating