Insolation refers to the incoming solar radiation received by the earth from the sun in the form of shortwave energy. It is the primary source of energy that drives atmospheric processes, weather phenomena, and climatic patterns on the earth. Insolation varies spatially and temporally due to several natural factors, resulting in unequal heating of the earth’s surface. The amount of insolation received at any place is not constant and depends upon a combination of astronomical and geographical factors. One of the most important factors affecting insolation is the angle of incidence of solar rays. When the sun’s rays fall vertically, they are concentrated over a smaller area and pass through a shorter path of the atmosphere, resulting in higher insolation. In contrast, oblique rays spread over a larger surface and lose more energy due to scattering and absorption, reducing insolation. This explains the variation of insolation with latitude, where equatorial regions receive more solar energy than polar regions. Duration of sunshine is another significant factor. Longer daylight hours allow more solar energy to reach the earth’s surface. During summer, higher latitudes experience longer days, increasing total insolation despite