First-generation biofuels are derived directly from food crops such as sugarcane, corn, and soybean, which are rich in sugars, starches, or oils. These biofuels include ethanol from sugar and starch and biodiesel from vegetable oils. In terms of sustainability, first-generation biofuels face significant challenges because they compete with food production, potentially driving up food prices and creating land-use pressures. They also require substantial water and fertilizers, leading to environmental concerns like eutrophication and soil degradation. From a technology readiness perspective, first-generation biofuels are highly mature; the processes for fermentation and transesterification are well established and commercially deployed. Scalability is relatively high in regions with abundant feedstock availability, but expansion is limited by land availability and the need to balance food security.