Climate change is increasingly recognized as one of the most pressing global challenges, affecting not only the natural environment but also human societies in complex and interconnected ways. Vulnerability assessment, which is the process of identifying and analyzing the susceptibility of systems, communities, and sectors to the adverse impacts of climate change, becomes particularly challenging because of the dynamic and multifaceted nature of climate risks. These risks manifest differently across sectors such as human health, infrastructure, agriculture, and biodiversity, necessitating an integrated approach that takes into account environmental, social, and economic dimensions. In the realm of human health, climate change introduces both direct and indirect stressors that complicate vulnerability assessment. Direct impacts include heatwaves, increased frequency of extreme weather events, and the proliferation of vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, and chikungunya due to shifting temperature and precipitation patterns. Vulnerability in this context is influenced by socio-economic factors, including access to healthcare, quality of housing, age distribution, and pre-existing health conditions. Indirect impacts arise from climate-related disruptions to water and food supply, sanitation, and living conditions, which can exacerbate malnutrition, waterborne diseases, and mental health issues. Assessing vulnerability in health thus requires not only climate projections but also an understanding of demographic trends, social inequality, and the adaptive capacity of healthcare systems, which vary widely between regions and communities. Infrastructure is another sector where climate change presents substantial challenges for vulnerability assessment. Critical infrastructure such as roads, bridges, power grids, water supply networks, and communication systems are increasingly exposed to climate-induced hazards. Sea-level rise and storm surges threaten coastal infrastructure, while changing rainfall patterns and temperature extremes can undermine transportation and energy systems inland. One difficulty in assessing vulnerability lies in the uncertainty of climate projections, which makes long-term planning for infrastructure design and maintenance complex. Additionally, infrastructure systems are often interdependent, meaning that damage in one sector can cascade into failures in others. For example, flooding may damage electrical substations, which in turn can disrupt water supply and emergency services. Understanding these interconnections and