Climate change is one of the most pressing global issues of the 21st century, affecting every aspect of life on Earth. Its impacts are far-reaching and complex, influencing various sectors such as human health, infrastructure, agriculture, and biodiversity. The challenge of vulnerability assessment in these sectors arises because climate change does not affect all regions or populations equally. The intensity and nature of impacts depend on geographic location, socioeconomic status, governance structures, existing environmental conditions, and the adaptive capacity of communities and ecosystems. In terms of human health, climate change exacerbates existing health problems and creates new challenges. Rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and changing precipitation patterns contribute to the spread of vector-borne diseases like malaria, dengue, and Zika virus. Changes in rainfall and temperature patterns influence the breeding cycles of mosquitoes, making previously non-endemic areas vulnerable. Heatwaves also lead to heat-related illnesses and mortality, especially affecting vulnerable groups such as the elderly, children, and people with pre-existing health conditions. Air pollution worsens due to higher temperatures, contributing to respiratory diseases and cardiovascular problems. The assessment of vulnerability in health is complex because it involves multiple factors such as population density, healthcare infrastructure, public health policies, and community awareness. Vulnerability is not only about exposure to climatic hazards but also about sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Poor, marginalized communities with limited access to healthcare facilities are disproportionately at risk. Infrastructure faces severe challenges under changing climatic conditions. Rising sea levels threaten coastal infrastructure including roads, bridges, ports, and residential areas. Flooding due to intense rainfall events can damage transportation networks, disrupt energy supply systems, and cause water supply contamination. Infrastructure in urban areas is particularly vulnerable because of high population density and inadequate planning. For instance, in many developing countries, drainage systems are unable to cope with the volume of water during extreme storms, leading to urban flooding. Critical infrastructure such as power plants, water treatment facilities, and communication networks are at risk of failure, which has cascading effects on society’s functionality. Assessing infrastructure vulnerability requires understanding the exposure of assets, their design limits, construction quality, maintenance levels, and the resilience of governance systems responsible for managing these infrastructures. Adaptation strategies often involve enhancing engineering standards, developing early warning systems, and integrating climate projections into planning processes. Agriculture is another key sector heavily impacted by climate change, as it is highly sensitive to temperature, water availability, and the frequency of extreme weather events. Changes in rainfall patterns can lead to droughts or floods, disrupting crop growth cycles. Temperature increases affect