Global governance refers to the system of rules, institutions, processes, and cooperation through which global issues are managed in the absence of a single world government. In an increasingly interconnected world shaped by globalization, many problems such as climate change, international trade, financial stability, migration, terrorism, and public health extend beyond national borders. Individual governments alone cannot effectively address these challenges, which has led to the development of cooperative mechanisms among states, international organizations, private actors, and civil society to regulate and manage global affairs. The concept of global governance emerged prominently in the late twentieth century as globalization intensified economic, political, and cultural interactions across countries. It involves formal institutions such as international organizations, treaties, and agreements, as well as informal networks, norms, and practices that