Inventory control in healthcare organizations is a critical component of supply chain management, as it directly influences patient care quality, operational efficiency, and financial sustainability. Healthcare institutions such as hospitals, clinics, and diagnostic centers rely on a wide range of inventory items including pharmaceuticals, surgical instruments, medical devices, consumables, and emergency supplies. The complexity of healthcare inventory arises from factors such as demand variability, strict regulatory requirements, expiration sensitivity, and the life-critical nature of many items. Effective inventory control practices ensure the availability of essential supplies while minimizing waste and controlling costs. Healthcare inventory can be broadly categorized into consumables (e.g., syringes, gloves), pharmaceuticals, capital equipment, and maintenance supplies. Each category requires a tailored inventory control approach. For instance, pharmaceuticals often have expiration dates and require temperature-controlled storage, while surgical instruments may need sterilization and tracking. The challenge lies in maintaining optimal stock levels to avoid stock-outs without overstocking, which can lead to wastage and increased holding costs. One of the fundamental inventory control techniques used in healthcare is the ABC analysis. This method classifies inventory items based on their value and importance. Category A items are high-value, low-quantity items such as specialized drugs or equipment, requiring strict monitoring and control. Category B items have moderate value and usage, while Category C items are low-value, high-volume items such as cotton or bandages. By prioritizing control efforts on Category A items, healthcare organizations can ensure efficient allocation of resources and minimize financial risk. Another widely used technique is the VED analysis, which categorizes items based on their criticality to patient care. Vital items are essential for life-saving procedures and must always be in stock, such as emergency drugs and critical care equipment. Essential items are necessary but not immediately life-threatening if unavailable, while Desirable items are those whose absence does not significantly impact patient care. Combining ABC and VED analyses results in a matrix that helps prioritize inventory management decisions, ensuring that high-value and critical items receive maximum attention. Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) is another technique used to determine the optimal order size that minimizes the total cost of ordering and holding inventory. Although EOQ assumes stable demand, which may not always be the case in healthcare, it provides a useful framework for planning procurement. In dynamic environments, healthcare organizations often adapt EOQ models by incorporating demand forecasting and safety stock levels. Just-in-Time (JIT) inventory management is increasingly being adopted in healthcare to reduce holding costs and minimize waste. Under JIT, inventory is ordered and received only when needed for use. While this approach improves efficiency, it requires reliable suppliers and robust logistics systems. In healthcare, where delays can have serious consequences, JIT must be carefully implemented with contingency plans to prevent stock-outs. Perpetual inventory systems are commonly used in modern healthcare settings. These systems continuously update inventory records in real time using