Question
स्वास्थ्य के सामाजिक मॉडल का वर्णन कीजिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1083
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मानसिक बीमारियाँ मानव मानसिक स्वास्थ्य पर गहरा प्रभाव डालती हैं और इनके कारण व्यक्ति के व्यवहार, सोचने की प्रक्रिया, भावनाओं और सामाजिक संबंधों में असामान्यताएँ उत्पन्न हो सकती हैं। DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition) मानसिक स्वास्थ्य पेशेवरों द्वारा इस्तेमाल किया जाने वाला एक मानक मापदंड है, जो मानसिक विकारों की पहचान, वर्गीकरण और निदान के लिए दिशानिर्देश प्रदान करता है। इसमें विभिन्न मानसिक लक्षणों और उनके संबंधित विकारों का व्यवस्थित वर्णन किया गया है, जिससे चिकित्सक और मनोवैज्ञानिक उचित उपचार और प्रबंधन योजना तैयार कर सकते हैं। DSM-5 के अनुसार, मानसिक विकार वे पैटर्न या व्यवहार हैं जो व्यक्ति के जीवन के सामान्य कार्यों, सामाजिक संबंधों और व्यावसायिक गतिविधियों को प्रभावित करते हैं। इनमें मुख्य रूप से चिंता विकार, मूड विकार, व्यक्तित्व विकार, मनो-सामाजिक विकार, और मनोरोगीय विकार शामिल हैं। इन विकारों के लक्षण मानसिक और शारीरिक दोनों रूपों में प्रकट हो सकते हैं। चिंता विकार में व्यक्ति को अत्यधिक और नियंत्रित न की जा सकने वाली चिंता, भय या तनाव का अनुभव होता है। इसके अंतर्गत सामान्यीकृत चिंता विकार (GAD) आता है, जिसमें व्यक्ति दिन-प्रतिदिन की गतिविधियों के प्रति अत्यधिक चिंता करता है। पैनिक डिसऑर्डर में अचानक और तीव्र भय के दौरे आते हैं, जिससे हृदय गति तेज होना, पसीना आना, सांस लेने में कठिनाई जैसी शारीरिक प्रतिक्रियाएँ होती हैं। सोशल एंग्जाइटी डिसऑर्डर या सामाजिक चिंता विकार में व्यक्ति सामाजिक परिस्थितियों में अत्यधिक भय और शर्मिंदगी महसूस करता है। DSM-5 इन विकारों के निदान के लिए लक्षणों की तीव्रता, समय अवधि और सामाजिक
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