Question
सहभागी दृष्टिकोण (participatory approach) के उद्भव की ऐतिहासिक पृष्ठभूमि प्रदान करें।
Answer :
Word Count : 675
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सहभागी दृष्टिकोण (Participatory Approach) का उद्भव सामाजिक अनुसंधान, विकास अध्ययन तथा सामुदायिक हस्तक्षेप की पारंपरिक पद्धतियों की सीमाओं के प्रति प्रतिक्रिया के रूप में हुआ। लंबे समय तक अनुसंधान और विकास कार्यक्रमों में विशेषज्ञों, सरकारी संस्थाओं तथा बाहरी एजेंसियों का वर्चस्व रहा। इस व्यवस्था में स्थानीय समुदायों को केवल सूचना प्रदान करने वाले या योजनाओं के लाभार्थी के रूप में देखा जाता था। परिणामस्वरूप अनेक योजनाएँ स्थानीय आवश्यकताओं, ज्ञान और सांस्कृतिक संदर्भों से असंगत सिद्ध हुईं। इसी पृष्ठभूमि में सहभागी दृष्टिकोण का विकास हुआ, जिसने स्थानीय लोगों को अनुसंधान और विकास प्रक्रिया का सक्रिय भागीदार माना। सहभागी दृष्टिकोण की ऐतिहासिक जड़ें बीसवीं शताब्दी के मध्य में सामुदायिक विकास कार्यक्रमों तथा सामाजिक परिवर्तन आंदोलनों से जुड़ी हुई हैं। द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध के बाद एशिया, अफ्रीका और लैटिन अमेरिका में नवस्वतंत्र देशों ने विकास की अनेक योजनाएँ प्रारंभ कीं। प्रारंभिक विकास मॉडल मुख्यतः ऊपर से नीचे (Top-down) की रणनीति पर आधारित थे, जिनमें विशेषज्ञ समस्याओं की पहचान करते और समाधान भी स्वयं निर्धारित करते
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