Question
राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन की मुख्यधारा में दलितों एवं अल्पसंख्यकों को संगठित करने हेतु राष्ट्रवादी नेताओं द्वारा किए गये प्रयासों पर चर्चा कीजिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1386
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भारतीय राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन का मूल उद्देश्य केवल ब्रिटिश शासन से राजनीतिक स्वतंत्रता प्राप्त करना नहीं था, बल्कि एक ऐसे समावेशी राष्ट्र का निर्माण करना भी था जिसमें सभी वर्गों, जातियों, धर्मों और समुदायों की समान भागीदारी सुनिश्चित हो। भारत की सामाजिक संरचना अत्यंत विविधतापूर्ण थी, जिसमें दलित, आदिवासी, मुसलमान, सिख, ईसाई तथा अन्य अल्पसंख्यक समुदायों की बड़ी आबादी शामिल थी। राष्ट्रवादी नेताओं ने यह अनुभव किया कि यदि राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन को जन-आंदोलन बनाना है, तो इन समुदायों को मुख्यधारा से जोड़ना अनिवार्य होगा। इसी उद्देश्य से विभिन्न राष्ट्रवादी नेताओं ने समय-समय पर अनेक सामाजिक, राजनीतिक तथा वैचारिक प्रयास किए। उन्नीसवीं शताब्दी के सामाजिक एवं धार्मिक सुधार आंदोलनों ने राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन के लिए आधार तैयार किया। राजा राममोहन राय, ईश्वरचंद्र विद्यासागर, महात्मा ज्योतिबा फुले, नारायण गुरु तथा अन्य समाज सुधारकों ने जातिगत भेदभाव, अस्पृश्यता और सामाजिक असमानताओं के विरुद्ध आवाज उठाई। यद्यपि इन आंदोलनों का प्रत्यक्ष उद्देश्य राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन नहीं था, फिर भी इन्होंने सामाजिक समानता की चेतना विकसित कर राष्ट्रवाद की व्यापक अवधारणा को मजबूत किया। भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस की स्थापना के समय उसका नेतृत्व शिक्षित मध्यम वर्ग के हाथों में था। प्रारंभिक वर्षों में कांग्रेस का आधार सीमित था, किंतु धीरे-धीरे नेताओं ने यह समझा कि स्वतंत्रता संघर्ष की सफलता के लिए समाज के सभी वर्गों को साथ लाना आवश्यक है। दादाभाई नौरोजी, गोपालकृष्ण गोखले और फिरोजशाह मेहता जैसे नेताओं ने धार्मिक भेदभाव से ऊपर उठकर भारतीयों की साझा राजनीतिक पहचान पर बल दिया। उन्होंने यह प्रतिपादित किया कि अंग्रेजों की आर्थिक और राजनीतिक नीतियों का दुष्प्रभाव सभी भारतीयों पर समान रूप से पड़ रहा है। बाल गंगाधर तिलक ने गणपति उत्सव और शिवाजी उत्सव जैसे सार्वजनिक आयोजनों के माध्यम से जनता को संगठित करने का प्रयास किया। यद्यपि इन आयोजनों में हिंदू सांस्कृतिक प्रतीकों का प्रभाव अधिक था, फिर भी उनका उद्देश्य जनसामान्य में राजनीतिक चेतना उत्पन्न करना और विदेशी शासन के विरुद्ध एकजुटता विकसित करना था। बाद के राष्ट्रवादी नेताओं ने अधिक समावेशी दृष्टिकोण अपनाया। महात्मा
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