Question
दूरस्थ शिक्षा में पाठ्यक्रम नियोजन के प्रणाली उपागम का सोदाहरण वर्णन कीजिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1263
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दूरस्थ शिक्षा में पाठ्यक्रम नियोजन एक जटिल, उद्देश्यपूर्ण तथा व्यवस्थित प्रक्रिया है, क्योंकि इसमें शिक्षक और शिक्षार्थी के बीच प्रत्यक्ष एवं नियमित संपर्क सीमित रहता है। इस स्थिति में पाठ्यक्रम का ऐसा नियोजन आवश्यक हो जाता है जो शिक्षार्थी की आवश्यकताओं, अधिगम उद्देश्यों, विषय-वस्तु, शिक्षण-अधिगम गतिविधियों, अध्ययन-सामग्री, संचार माध्यमों तथा मूल्यांकन को एक-दूसरे से जोड़कर संचालित करे। इसी आवश्यकता की पूर्ति के लिए प्रणाली उपागम अत्यंत उपयोगी माना जाता है। प्रणाली उपागम में पाठ्यक्रम को अलग-अलग असंबद्ध घटकों के समूह के रूप में न देखकर एक ऐसी समग्र प्रणाली के रूप में देखा जाता है, जिसमें सभी घटक परस्पर संबंधित और परस्पर निर्भर होते हैं। प्रणाली उपागम का मूल आधार यह विचार है कि किसी भी शैक्षिक व्यवस्था के विभिन्न घटकों का एक निश्चित उद्देश्य की प्राप्ति के लिए समन्वित रूप से कार्य करना आवश्यक है। इसमें इनपुट, प्रक्रिया, आउटपुट तथा प्रतिपुष्टि को प्रमुख तत्व माना जाता है। दूरस्थ शिक्षा के संदर्भ में इनपुट के अंतर्गत शिक्षार्थियों की आवश्यकताएँ, उनकी पूर्वज्ञान-स्थिति, शैक्षिक पृष्ठभूमि, उपलब्ध संसाधन, पाठ्यक्रम की अपेक्षाएँ और संस्थागत सुविधाएँ आती हैं। प्रक्रिया में पाठ्यक्रम निर्माण, विषय-वस्तु का संगठन, स्व-अधिगम सामग्री का विकास, संचार माध्यमों का चयन, शिक्षण गतिविधियों तथा मूल्यांकन का आयोजन शामिल होता है। आउटपुट से आशय निर्धारित अधिगम प्रतिफलों की प्राप्ति से है, जबकि प्रतिपुष्टि के माध्यम से यह पता लगाया जाता है कि निर्धारित उद्देश्यों की प्राप्ति किस सीमा तक हुई है। दूरस्थ शिक्षा में प्रणाली उपागम के अंतर्गत सबसे पहले आवश्यकता का विश्लेषण किया जाता है। पाठ्यक्रम किसके लिए बनाया जा रहा है, शिक्षार्थियों की शैक्षिक एवं सामाजिक पृष्ठभूमि क्या है, उन्हें किस प्रकार के ज्ञान और कौशल की आवश्यकता है तथा रोजगार या सामाजिक जीवन में उनकी अपेक्षाएँ क्या हैं, इन
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