Question
गुटनिरपेक्ष आंदोलन के उदय और भूमिका पर एक निबंध लिखिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1237
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द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध के पश्चात विश्व राजनीति में व्यापक परिवर्तन हुए। यूरोपीय औपनिवेशिक साम्राज्यों का पतन आरंभ हुआ, एशिया और अफ्रीका के अनेक देशों ने स्वतंत्रता प्राप्त की तथा विश्व दो महाशक्तियों—संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका और सोवियत संघ—के नेतृत्व वाले दो विरोधी सैन्य एवं वैचारिक गुटों में विभाजित हो गया। इस स्थिति को शीत युद्ध कहा गया। नवस्वतंत्र देशों के सामने सबसे बड़ी चुनौती यह थी कि वे अपनी राजनीतिक स्वतंत्रता, आर्थिक विकास और राष्ट्रीय संप्रभुता को बनाए रखते हुए किसी भी महाशक्ति के प्रभाव क्षेत्र का हिस्सा न बनें। इसी ऐतिहासिक आवश्यकता से गुटनिरपेक्ष आंदोलन का जन्म हुआ, जिसने विश्व राजनीति में एक स्वतंत्र और संतुलित दृष्टिकोण प्रस्तुत किया। गुटनिरपेक्षता का अर्थ तटस्थता या निष्क्रियता नहीं था। इसका वास्तविक आशय था कि कोई भी स्वतंत्र राष्ट्र अपनी विदेश नीति का निर्धारण अपने राष्ट्रीय हितों, स्वतंत्र निर्णय क्षमता तथा अंतरराष्ट्रीय परिस्थितियों के आधार पर करे, न कि किसी सैन्य गुट की बाध्यता के अनुसार। गुटनिरपेक्ष देश किसी भी अंतरराष्ट्रीय प्रश्न पर गुण-दोष के आधार पर निर्णय लेने के पक्षधर थे। इस प्रकार गुटनिरपेक्षता स्वतंत्र विदेश नीति का प्रतीक थी। गुटनिरपेक्ष आंदोलन के उदय के पीछे अनेक ऐतिहासिक, राजनीतिक और आर्थिक कारण थे। प्रथम, शीत युद्ध के कारण विश्व में तनाव और परमाणु युद्ध का खतरा लगातार बढ़ रहा था। नवस्वतंत्र राष्ट्र इस संघर्ष का हिस्सा नहीं बनना चाहते थे। द्वितीय, उपनिवेशवाद और साम्राज्यवाद से मुक्ति प्राप्त करने वाले देशों के सामने राष्ट्र-निर्माण, आर्थिक विकास, शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य तथा औद्योगिकीकरण जैसी गंभीर चुनौतियाँ थीं। वे अपने सीमित संसाधनों को सैन्य प्रतिस्पर्धा में व्यर्थ नहीं करना चाहते थे। तृतीय, अधिकांश नवस्वतंत्र देशों ने विदेशी प्रभुत्व के विरुद्ध लंबे संघर्ष के बाद स्वतंत्रता प्राप्त की थी, इसलिए वे किसी नए प्रकार की निर्भरता को स्वीकार करने के इच्छुक नहीं थे।
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