Question
गरीबी का नारीकरण (Feminization of poverty)
Answer :
Word Count : 1285
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गरीबी का नारीकरण एक ऐसी सामाजिक-आर्थिक प्रक्रिया है जिसमें महिलाओं, विशेषकर महिला-प्रधान परिवारों और सामाजिक रूप से वंचित समूहों की महिलाओं के बीच गरीबी का स्तर पुरुषों की तुलना में अधिक दिखाई देता है। इसका अर्थ केवल यह नहीं है कि गरीब लोगों में महिलाओं की संख्या अधिक है, बल्कि यह भी है कि महिलाएँ गरीबी के जोखिम, गरीबी की तीव्रता और उससे बाहर निकलने के अवसरों के मामले में अधिक असुरक्षित होती हैं। महिलाओं की आर्थिक निर्भरता, संसाधनों तक सीमित पहुँच, असमान मजदूरी, अवैतनिक देखभाल कार्य, शिक्षा एवं स्वास्थ्य में असमानता तथा सामाजिक भेदभाव गरीबी के नारीकरण को बढ़ावा देते हैं। यह समस्या विकासशील देशों के साथ-साथ विकसित देशों में भी विभिन्न रूपों में दिखाई देती है। गरीबी का नारीकरण समझने के लिए गरीबी को केवल आय की कमी के रूप में नहीं, बल्कि बहुआयामी वंचना के रूप में देखना आवश्यक है। महिलाओं के पास आय, संपत्ति, भूमि, ऋण, शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य, तकनीक, रोजगार और निर्णय लेने की शक्ति तक समान पहुँच नहीं होती। इसलिए समान आय वाले पुरुष और महिला भी गरीबी के प्रभावों को अलग-अलग ढंग से अनुभव कर सकते हैं। महिलाओं को भोजन, स्वास्थ्य, शिक्षा और रोजगार के अवसरों में परिवार के भीतर भी असमानता का सामना करना पड़ सकता है। इस अवधारणा को विशेष रूप से 1970 और 1980 के दशकों में महिला-अध्ययन तथा विकास विमर्श में प्रमुखता मिली। शोधकर्ताओं ने यह दिखाया कि विकास नीतियों के बावजूद महिलाओं की आर्थिक स्थिति कई क्षेत्रों में पुरुषों की तुलना में कमजोर बनी हुई है। महिला-प्रधान परिवारों में गरीबी की उच्च दर ने इस अवधारणा को और अधिक महत्त्व दिया। हालांकि, गरीबी का नारीकरण केवल विधवा, तलाकशुदा या अकेली महिलाओं तक सीमित नहीं है। विवाहित महिलाओं और ऐसे परिवारों की महिलाओं को भी आर्थिक असुरक्षा हो सकती है जहाँ परिवार की कुल आय गरीबी-रेखा से ऊपर हो, लेकिन संसाधनों पर महिलाओं का नियंत्रण बहुत कम हो।
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