Question
उच्चारण स्थान के आधार पर व्यंजन के भेदों की चर्चा कीजिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1223
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हिंदी भाषा में व्यंजन ध्वनियों का वर्गीकरण अनेक आधारों पर किया जाता है। इनमें उच्चारण स्थान के आधार पर किया गया वर्गीकरण अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण है। जब किसी व्यंजन ध्वनि का उच्चारण करते समय वायु-प्रवाह मुख के जिस विशेष स्थान पर किसी अंग द्वारा रुकता, बाधित होता या घर्षण उत्पन्न करता है, उसे उस व्यंजन का उच्चारण स्थान कहा जाता है। हिंदी के व्यंजनों के उच्चारण में जिह्वा, होंठ, दाँत, तालु, मूर्धा, कंठ आदि उच्चारण-अंगों की प्रमुख भूमिका होती है। उच्चारण स्थान के आधार पर हिंदी के व्यंजनों को मुख्यतः कंठ्य, तालव्य, मूर्धन्य, दंत्य और ओष्ठ्य पाँच वर्गों में बाँटा जाता है। इनके अतिरिक्त कुछ व्यंजन कंठ-तालव्य, कंठोष्ठ्य, दंतोष्ठ्य तथा वर्त्स्य आदि स्थानों से भी संबंधित माने जाते हैं। कंठ्य व्यंजनों का उच्चारण कंठ से होता है। इन ध्वनियों के उच्चारण में जिह्वा का पिछला भाग ऊपर उठकर कोमल तालु या कंठ के निकट पहुँचता है और वायु-प्रवाह में अवरोध उत्पन्न करता है। हिंदी के वर्गीय व्यंजनों में ‘क-वर्ग’ को कंठ्य माना जाता है। इसके अंतर्गत क, ख, ग, घ और ङ आते हैं। ‘क’ के उच्चारण में वायु का मार्ग कंठ के समीप अवरुद्ध होकर अचानक खुलता है। ‘ख’ में इसी स्थान पर अधिक वायु के साथ उच्चारण होता है। ‘ग’ और ‘घ’ घोष ध्वनियाँ हैं, जबकि ‘ङ’ का प्रयोग मुख्यतः अनुस्वार-सदृश नासिक्य ध्वनि के रूप में होता है, जैसे ‘गंगा’ में। कंठ्य ध्वनियों में जिह्वा का पिछला भाग सक्रिय रहता है। इनके अतिरिक्त ‘ह’ को भी सामान्यतः कंठ्य व्यंजन माना जाता है, यद्यपि इसके उच्चारण की प्रकृति वर्गीय कंठ्य व्यंजनों से कुछ भिन्न है। तालव्य व्यंजनों का उच्चारण तालु के समीप होता है। इन ध्वनियों के उच्चारण में जिह्वा का मध्य भाग कठोर तालु के निकट पहुँचता है। हिंदी के ‘च-वर्ग’ के व्यंजन तालव्य माने जाते हैं। इनमें च, छ, ज, झ और
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