The psychodynamic approach refers to a psychological perspective that explains human behaviour, emotions, and personality by focusing on unconscious processes, early childhood experiences, internal conflicts, and the influence of past relationships. This approach originated from the ideas of Sigmund Freud, who proposed that much of human behaviour is influenced by unconscious thoughts, desires, and memories that individuals may not be aware of. In counselling, the psychodynamic approach helps individuals understand the hidden causes behind their emotional difficulties and behavioural patterns. According to the psychodynamic perspective, human personality is shaped through interactions between conscious and unconscious forces. Freud described personality as consisting of three major components: the id, ego, and superego. The id represents basic instincts and desires, the ego manages realistic decision-making, and the superego represents moral values and social expectations. Conflicts among these parts of personality can create psychological stress and emotional problems. Counselling based on this approach attempts to explore these conflicts and develop greater self-awareness. A central concept of the psychodynamic approach is the role of the unconscious mind. Psychodynamic theorists believe that many feelings, fears, memories, and motivations remain outside conscious awareness but continue to influence present behaviour. For