Question
आपदाओं के मुख्य कारण और प्रभाव कौन-कौन से हैं?
Answer :
Word Count : 1046
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आपदाएँ ऐसी विनाशकारी घटनाएँ होती हैं जो मानव जीवन, संपत्ति, पर्यावरण और सामाजिक व्यवस्था को गंभीर रूप से प्रभावित करती हैं। आपदा प्रबंधन के अध्ययन में आपदाओं के कारणों और उनके प्रभावों को समझना अत्यंत आवश्यक है, क्योंकि इनके आधार पर आपदा की रोकथाम, तैयारी, प्रतिक्रिया और पुनर्वास की प्रभावी योजनाएँ बनाई जाती हैं। आपदाएँ प्राकृतिक और मानव-जनित दोनों प्रकार की हो सकती हैं। कुछ आपदाएँ अचानक उत्पन्न होती हैं, जबकि कुछ धीरे-धीरे विकसित होकर बड़े संकट का रूप ले लेती हैं। प्राकृतिक आपदाओं के मुख्य कारण प्रकृति में होने वाले विभिन्न परिवर्तन और भौगोलिक प्रक्रियाएँ होती हैं। भूकंप प्राकृतिक आपदाओं का एक प्रमुख कारण है, जो पृथ्वी की टेक्टोनिक प्लेटों के अचानक खिसकने के कारण उत्पन्न होता है। भूकंप के कारण इमारतें गिर सकती हैं, भूमि में दरारें पड़ सकती हैं और बड़े पैमाने पर जन-धन की हानि हो सकती है। भूकंप के बाद सुनामी जैसी आपदाएँ भी उत्पन्न हो सकती हैं, विशेष रूप से समुद्र के नीचे आने वाले भूकंपों के कारण। बाढ़ भी एक प्रमुख प्राकृतिक आपदा है जिसका मुख्य कारण अत्यधिक वर्षा, नदियों का जलस्तर बढ़ना, बांधों का टूटना और जल निकासी व्यवस्था की कमी होती है। जलवायु परिवर्तन के कारण अनियमित वर्षा और अत्यधिक वर्षा की घटनाएँ बढ़ रही हैं, जिससे बाढ़ की संभावना अधिक हो गई है। बाढ़ से कृषि भूमि, सड़कें, पुल, घर और अन्य आधारभूत संरचनाएँ प्रभावित होती हैं। चक्रवात और तूफान मुख्य रूप से समुद्री क्षेत्रों में उत्पन्न होने वाली आपदाएँ हैं। इनके कारण समुद्र के तापमान में वृद्धि, वायुमंडलीय दबाव में
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