Fire safety in facilities in India is governed by a combination of national legislation, state-level regulations, and standards set by recognized bodies to ensure the protection of life, property, and the environment from fire hazards. The legal framework emphasizes preventive measures, preparedness, and timely response to fire emergencies, reflecting the growing awareness of fire-related risks in industrial, commercial, and residential facilities. At the national level, the primary legislation regulating fire safety is the National Building Code of India (NBC), which was first introduced in 1970 and periodically revised, with the latest comprehensive edition released in 2016. The NBC provides detailed guidelines on fire protection, structural fire safety, fire detection and alarm systems, firefighting equipment, and safe evacuation procedures. Part 4 of the NBC specifically addresses fire and life safety, categorizing buildings by occupancy type and defining minimum safety standards such as fire exits, staircases, and access routes for firefighting vehicles. In addition to the NBC, the Factories Act, 1948, enforced by the Ministry of Labour and Employment, plays a crucial role in ensuring fire safety in industrial facilities. The act mandates the provision of adequate fire-fighting arrangements, safe storage of flammable substances, proper emergency exits, and training of employees in fire prevention and evacuation procedures. Section 41 of the Factories Act specifically requires factories to maintain necessary fire extinguishers and hydrants, and to conduct regular inspections by qualified personnel. Complementing this, the Petroleum Act, 1934, and the Petroleum Rules, 2002, regulate fire safety in facilities handling flammable liquids and gases, emphasizing safe storage, handling, and transportation to prevent fire accidents. Fire safety legislation in India also extends to commercial and residential buildings through local municipal laws. Most states and municipal corporations have their own Fire Services Acts, which provide for the constitution of fire brigades, inspections of buildings, licensing requirements, and penalties for non-compliance. For example, the Maharashtra Fire Prevention and Life Safety Measures Act, 2006, mandates that all commercial and high-rise buildings obtain a fire safety certificate from the local fire department before occupation. This certificate is contingent upon the installation of firefighting equipment, emergency lighting, smoke detectors, and clearly marked evacuation routes. Similar acts exist in states such as Delhi, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal, with minor variations to suit local conditions and urban infrastructure. To enhance compliance, the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has developed a series of