Question
Which interventions can increase women's work participation and productivity? Give suitable examples.
Answer :
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Women's work participation and productivity can be increased through a combination of economic, social, educational, institutional, and policy interventions. Women's participation in the workforce contributes to economic growth, poverty reduction, improved family welfare, and inclusive development. However, many women continue to face barriers such as limited access to education, discrimination, unpaid care responsibilities, lack of financial resources, and unsafe working conditions. Addressing these challenges requires coordinated interventions from governments, businesses, civil society, and communities. Education and skill development are among the most effective interventions. Quality education equips women with knowledge, confidence, and employable skills. Vocational training, digital literacy, technical education, and entrepreneurship development programmes enable women to access better employment opportunities and establish their own enterprises. For example, women trained in tailoring, food processing, or digital marketing can earn sustainable incomes through self-employment or small businesses. Access to finance is another critical intervention. Women often face difficulties in obtaining loans due to limited ownership of assets and lack of collateral. Microfinance institutions, self-help groups (SHGs), and government-supported credit schemes provide affordable financial assistance for women entrepreneurs. India's Self-Help Group movement under the National Rural Livelihoods Mission has enabled millions of rural women to start enterprises such as dairy farming, handicrafts, and food processing, thereby increasing both employment and productivity. Entrepreneurship promotion plays a significant role in empowering women economically. Business incubation centres, entrepreneurship training, mentoring, market linkages, and startup support encourage women to establish and expand enterprises. Programmes such as Stand-Up India and Mudra Yojana provide financial and institutional support to women entrepreneurs, enabling them to create employment for themselves and others. Improving workplace safety and ensuring gender equality encourage greater workforce participation. Strict implementation of laws against workplace harassment,
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