Volcanism refers to the geological process through which molten rock, known as magma, along with gases and pyroclastic materials, is expelled from the interior of the Earth onto its surface. This process occurs through fractures or weaknesses in the Earth's crust and can result in both constructive and destructive landforms. Volcanism is closely associated with tectonic activity, especially at convergent and divergent plate boundaries, as well as over hotspots where magma rises from deep within the mantle. The materials released during volcanic activity include lava, volcanic ash, volcanic bombs, and gases such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and water vapor. These materials contribute to the formation of various volcanic structures and influence the surrounding landscape. One of the most common volcanic landforms is the volcanic cone, which forms as lava, tephra, and ash accumulate around a central vent. Depending on the eruption style and magma composition,