Urbanization refers to the process by which an increasing proportion of a population comes to live in towns and cities, shifting away from rural lifestyles to more urban forms of settlement and activity. It is driven by industrial growth, economic opportunities, technological advancement, and improved infrastructure that attract people to urban areas. Urbanization is not merely a demographic transition but also a transformation in social, economic, and environmental patterns. It shapes living standards, consumption behavior, and modes of interaction. In the context of sustainable development and smart cities, urbanization is seen both as a catalyst for progress and as a challenge that requires careful planning and governance. Cities today are the engines of economic growth, centers of innovation, and hubs of cultural interaction. However, rapid and unplanned urbanization poses serious issues that can undermine sustainability, strain resources, and widen inequalities. One of the major issues of urbanization is the pressure it places on infrastructure. Cities often grow faster than the capacity of planners and policymakers to provide adequate housing, transportation, water supply, sanitation, and waste management. This imbalance leads to the development of slums and informal settlements where millions of urban residents live without basic amenities. The shortage of affordable housing is a global concern, and overcrowding intensifies problems such as poor hygiene, limited access to safe drinking water, and exposure to disease. In the absence of proper planning, urban sprawl consumes valuable agricultural land and natural ecosystems, creating additional environmental challenges. Another key challenge is traffic congestion