Financial and non-financial institutions play a crucial role in the process of development, particularly in shaping the economic, social and spatial structure of urban areas. In the context of urban development, these institutions provide resources, services, knowledge and governance mechanisms that support infrastructure creation, employment generation, poverty reduction and improvement in the quality of life. Financial institutions include commercial banks, cooperative banks, development finance institutions, microfinance institutions, insurance companies and other formal financial organisations. Their major role is to mobilise savings and channel them into productive investments. Banks provide loans to households, entrepreneurs, industries and urban local bodies for activities such as housing, business development, infrastructure and transport. Housing finance institutions facilitate access to housing loans, thereby supporting urban housing