Neo-Realism, also known as structural realism, is a theoretical framework in the field of international relations that emerged as a response to classical realism. While classical realism emphasizes human nature, power politics, and the role of individual leaders in shaping international outcomes, Neo-Realism shifts the focus to the structure of the international system itself. Kenneth Waltz, in his seminal work *Theory of International Politics* (1979), laid the foundations of Neo-Realism, arguing that the anarchic nature of the international system fundamentally shapes state behavior, rather than human nature or domestic politics. At the core of Neo-Realism is the concept of anarchy, which denotes the absence of a central authority above states. Unlike domestic political systems where governments exercise authority over citizens, the international system lacks a sovereign power that can enforce rules or guarantee security. This structural condition forces states to rely on self-help mechanisms to ensure their survival. In other words, states cannot fully trust one another to protect their security, and thus, they must develop their own capabilities to defend themselves. This structural constraint leads to competition, balancing behavior, and power accumulation, which are central themes in Neo-Realist thought. Neo-Realism distinguishes itself from classical realism through its systemic perspective. Classical realists such as Hans Morgenthau emphasize the inherent desire for power in human nature as the primary driver of international politics. Neo-Realists, however, argue that the international system’s anarchic structure rather than human tendencies compels states to prioritize security and power. In this framework, even states with benign intentions must act cautiously, as the uncertainty regarding other states’ actions generates insecurity.