Question
What factors determine the number of modes propagating in an optical fiber?
Answer :
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The number of modes that can propagate in an optical fiber is determined by the fiber’s physical dimensions, its refractive index structure, and the wavelength of light used. The most important parameter combining these effects is the normalized frequency or V-number, defined by ( V = \frac{2\pi a}{\lambda},\text{NA} ), where (a) is the core radius, (\lambda) is the operating wavelength, and NA is the numerical aperture of the fiber. As the core radius increases or the wavelength decreases, the value of (V) increases,
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