IGNOU BEE 1 2018 - What factors contribute to T & D losses in urban areas ?

Question

What factors contribute to T & D losses in urban areas ?

19 Mar 2020

Answer :

Word Count : 1431

It is unfortunate that in addition to T&D losses, there is also a loss in revenue due to non-realisation of billed demand, which leaves a portion of the units billed as unrealised units. This commercial loss is in addition to the commercial losses up to the point of billing. The aggregate of T&D loss and loss due to non-realisation of billed demand is termed as “AT&C loss” (Aggregate Technical and Commercial loss). The T&D losses have always been computed taking into account electricity bills issued to consumers as accrued income and not on actual collection. Therefore, T&D loss figures do not capture the major gap between the billing and the collection, apart from the large amount of theft not captured in billing. The AT & C losses take this gap into account. Thus, AT&C loss to the utility is the sum total of technical losses, commercial losses and loss due to non-realisation of total billed units. AT&C loss for a year is also expressed as percentage of Energy Input. It is the difference between units injected into the system and the units for which the payment is collected. AT&C loss is a transparent measure of the overall efficiency of the distribution business as it measures technical as well as commercial losses. The schematic diagram shown below captures the essential components of AT&C losses and is translated in terms of units both at the physical level of transmission and distribution and at the financial level of billing and collection.

Image ignouacademy-com--p-urban-36044

Transmission and distribution losses occur on account of technical and commercial reasons. The losses occurring on account of technical factors are known as technical losses. The losses occurring on account of non-technical factors or commercial factors are known as commercial losses. We now discuss these losses.

Technical Loss

Technical loss is inherent in electrical systems, as all electrical devices have some resistance and the flow of currents causes a power loss (I2R loss). Integration of this power loss over time, i.e. ∫ I2R.dt is the energy loss. Every element

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