Valuation of a start-up refers to the process of determining the current worth or economic value of a newly established business. Unlike established companies, start-ups often lack significant revenue, stable cash flows, or tangible assets, which makes their valuation more complex and largely dependent on projections, potential, and market opportunities rather than historical financial performance. Valuation is crucial for entrepreneurs and investors as it provides a basis for negotiating equity stakes, attracting investment, and planning the growth trajectory of the business. It essentially answers the question: "What is this start-up worth today, considering its future prospects?" Start-up valuation involves both quantitative and qualitative factors. Quantitative approaches typically consider financial metrics such as projected revenues, profits, and cash flows, even if these are based on assumptions. Since many start-ups operate at a loss in their initial years, conventional valuation methods like discounted cash flow (DCF) or earnings multiples are adjusted to account for uncertainty and risk. On the other hand, qualitative factors examine the market potential, uniqueness of the product or service, competitive