Pollution refers to the introduction of harmful substances or undesirable changes in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of the environment that adversely affect living organisms and the natural balance of ecosystems. It occurs when contaminants such as gases, chemicals, solid wastes, noise, heat, or radiation are released into air, water, or land in quantities that exceed the environment’s capacity to absorb, dilute, or neutralize them. Pollution may be natural, such as volcanic eruptions or forest fires, but in the context of urbanization and urban development, it is largely anthropogenic, arising from rapid industrialization, population growth, transportation systems, construction activities, and unplanned urban expansion. In urban areas, air pollution is one of the most critical challenges. Emissions from vehicles, factories, thermal power plants, and construction dust increase the concentration of pollutants like particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ozone. These pollutants degrade air quality, reduce visibility, contribute to climate change, and cause respiratory and cardiovascular diseases among urban residents. Water pollution in cities occurs due to the discharge of untreated sewage, industrial effluents, and solid waste into rivers, lakes, and groundwater sources. Rapid urban growth often outpaces the development of proper sanitation and waste treatment infrastructure, leading to contamination of drinking water sources and the spread of water-borne diseases. Land or soil pollution is caused by improper disposal of solid waste, plastic accumulation, hazardous chemicals, and construction debris. Urban noise pollution, generated by traffic congestion, industrial operations, loudspeakers, and construction machinery, affects mental health and reduces the overall quality of life. Urbanization intensifies pollution because cities concentrate economic activities, population density, and infrastructure within limited spaces. As cities expand, green areas are often replaced by concrete structures, reducing natural buffers that absorb pollutants. The heat generated by buildings, vehicles, and industries creates urban heat islands, further aggravating environmental stress. Therefore, pollution is both a cause and consequence of unsustainable urban development, demanding integrated planning and environmental management. In contrast to polluted and congested environments, urban open spaces