For an invention to be granted a patent, it must satisfy certain essential criteria that ensure it is worthy of legal protection and contributes meaningfully to technological progress. These criteria are generally recognized across jurisdictions, including under the Indian Patents Act, 1970, and international agreements such as the TRIPS Agreement. The fundamental requirements include novelty, inventive step, industrial applicability, and patentable subject matter, along with adequate disclosure of the invention. Novelty is the first and foremost requirement for patentability. An invention is considered novel if it has not been anticipated by prior art anywhere in the world before the date of filing of the patent application. Prior art includes any information that has been disclosed to the public through written publications, oral presentations, use, or in any other form. Even a single prior disclosure that contains all the essential features of the claimed invention can destroy its novelty. Therefore, the invention must be new in the absolute sense, and it should not form part of the existing body of knowledge. In India, novelty is assessed on a global basis, meaning that any prior disclosure anywhere in the world can affect the patentability of the invention. The second essential criterion is the presence of an inventive step, also known as non-obviousness. An invention involves an inventive step if it is not obvious to a person skilled in the relevant field of technology. This hypothetical person is presumed to have ordinary knowledge and skills in the subject area but lacks inventive capability. If the invention is merely a trivial modification or an obvious extension of existing knowledge, it does not qualify for patent protection. The determination of inventive step involves assessing whether the invention provides a technical advancement or has economic significance compared to existing knowledge. Courts and patent offices often apply various tests, such as the problem-solution approach, to evaluate whether the invention is sufficiently inventive. Industrial applicability is another key requirement. An invention must be capable of being made or used in some kind of industry. This includes any practical application in fields such as manufacturing, agriculture, healthcare, or technology. The invention should not be purely theoretical or abstract; it must have a specific, substantial, and credible utility. In other words, it should be capable of producing a tangible result or providing a practical benefit. This requirement ensures that patents are granted only for inventions that can be utilized in real-world scenarios. In addition to these core criteria, the invention must fall within the scope