In Islamic jurisprudence, warfare is governed by strict ethical and legal frameworks, primarily derived from the Qur’an, Hadith, and classical Islamic legal scholarship. The legitimacy of engaging in armed conflict is not left to personal discretion but is circumscribed by specific circumstances to ensure that violence is exercised only as a last resort and within morally and legally acceptable boundaries. Broadly, three circumstances are recognized as justifying warfare in Islam: self-defense, protection of religious freedom, and fighting against oppression and injustice. The first and foremost circumstance is self-defense. Islam permits armed struggle when a Muslim community or an individual faces direct aggression or attack. The Qur’an emphasizes the principle of defense, stating that believers may fight those who initiate hostilities against them but must not transgress limits. Self-defense in Islamic law is not merely reactive but also preventative if there is a credible threat of imminent attack. However,