Question
What are the pathological effects of lethal dose of Phosgene? Write 2-3 lines about its chemical
nature
Answer :
Word Count : 1160
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Phosgene is a highly toxic chemical warfare and industrial choking agent that primarily damages the respiratory system. It is a colourless or pale yellowish gas at ordinary conditions, although its characteristic odour may be noticed at sufficiently high concentrations. Chemically, phosgene is carbonyl chloride, with the formula COCl₂. It is relatively reactive and hydrolyses in the presence of water to form hydrochloric acid and carbon dioxide. Its toxicity is mainly associated with its strong reactivity with biological components of the respiratory tract. The pathological effects of a lethal exposure to phosgene are dominated by severe injury to the lungs. Unlike many rapidly acting poisons, phosgene may produce relatively few dramatic symptoms immediately after exposure. This latent period is clinically important because serious pulmonary injury can continue to develop after the person has left the contaminated environment. Following a sufficiently severe exposure, the progressive damage can result in pulmonary oedema, respiratory failure, hypoxia and death. When inhaled, phosgene reaches the moist surfaces of the respiratory tract. Because the lungs contain a very large surface area and extensive blood supply, they are particularly vulnerable. Phosgene reacts with components of cells and tissues, including proteins and other cellular constituents. This chemical injury disrupts the normal integrity and function of the alveolar-capillary membrane, which normally separates the air within the alveoli from the blood circulating through pulmonary capillaries. One of the most significant pathological changes is increased permeability of the pulmonary capillaries. Damage to the alveolar-capillary barrier allows fluid and proteins to move from the vascular compartment into the interstitial tissues and eventually into the alveolar spaces. This produces pulmonary oedema. The accumulation of fluid within and around the alveoli interferes with the normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Pulmonary oedema is therefore a central feature of severe phosgene poisoning. The affected lungs become heavy and congested, and the alveoli may contain substantial amounts of protein-rich
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