An ecosystem is a functional unit of nature in which living organisms interact with one another and with the non-living components of their environment. It includes biotic components such as plants, animals, microorganisms and human beings, and abiotic components such as air, water, soil, sunlight, temperature and minerals. Ecosystems may be natural, such as forests, grasslands, ponds, rivers and oceans, or artificial, such as agricultural fields, gardens and reservoirs. From the perspective of environmental health, ecosystems are essential because they maintain ecological balance, provide resources necessary for human survival and regulate environmental conditions that directly influence health and well-being. One of the major functions of an ecosystem is the flow of energy. Almost all ecosystems receive their primary energy from the sun. Green plants and other photosynthetic organisms capture solar energy and convert it into chemical energy through photosynthesis. These organisms are called producers. Herbivores obtain energy by feeding on plants, while carnivores and omnivores obtain energy by feeding on other organisms. Thus, energy passes through different trophic levels in the form of food. Decomposers obtain energy from dead organic matter. Energy flow in an ecosystem is essentially unidirectional, moving from the sun to producers and then through consumers and decomposers. This energy flow supports all biological activities and maintains the functioning of the ecosystem. Another important function is the production of organic matter or biomass. Producers convert inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds using solar energy. This process provides food for herbivores and ultimately supports the entire food web. The quantity of organic matter