The liver is the largest internal gland of the human body and is located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen, just below the diaphragm. It is a vital organ responsible for numerous physiological functions essential for maintaining homeostasis. In applied physiology, the liver is recognized as the body's central metabolic organ because it regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, hormones, and drugs while also performing detoxification and excretory functions. The liver has a wedge-shaped, reddish-brown appearance and weighs approximately 1.2–1.5 kg in adults. It is enclosed by a fibrous capsule known as Glisson's capsule. Anatomically, it is divided into four lobes: the right lobe, left lobe, caudate lobe, and quadrate lobe. The right lobe is the largest. Microscopically, the liver is composed of numerous structural and functional units called hepatic lobules. Each hepatic lobule is hexagonal in shape and consists of plates of hepatocytes arranged around a central vein. At the corners of the lobule are portal triads, each containing a branch of the hepatic artery, a branch of the portal vein, and a bile duct. Blood from the hepatic artery and portal vein flows through sinusoids, where it comes into contact with hepatocytes before draining into the central vein. Specialized macrophages called Kupffer cells line the sinusoids and remove bacteria, worn-out blood cells, and foreign