International tourism involves interactions between tourists, travel agencies, airlines, hotels, tour operators, and other service providers from different countries. Due to cultural differences, contractual misunderstandings, service failures, or financial disagreements, disputes may arise. Therefore, effective dispute resolution mechanisms are necessary to maintain trust, ensure smooth operations, and protect the interests of all parties involved in tourism business procedures and operations. One important mechanism is negotiation. Negotiation is the most common and informal method of resolving disputes in international tourism. In this process, the involved parties communicate directly with each other to reach a mutually acceptable solution. For example, if a tourist faces problems related to hotel accommodation or tour services, the travel agency or service provider may negotiate with the tourist to offer compensation, refunds, or alternative services. Negotiation is preferred because