Climate is the long-term average condition of the atmosphere over a specific region, and it is determined by several interacting physical elements. These elements together influence the environmental conditions experienced in buildings and surroundings, and they play an important role in building design, comfort, and maintenance considerations. One of the most important elements of climate is temperature. Temperature refers to the degree of hotness or coldness of the air at a given place and time. It is mainly influenced by solar radiation, latitude, altitude, and seasonal changes. Temperature affects human comfort, energy consumption in buildings, and the performance of construction materials. Extreme temperatures require appropriate heating or cooling systems in building services to maintain indoor comfort conditions. Humidity is another key element of climate. It represents the amount of water vapour present in the air. Humidity can be expressed as absolute humidity or relative humidity. Relative humidity is particularly important in building services because it directly affects thermal comfort and indoor air quality. High humidity can lead to dampness, mould growth, and deterioration of building materials, while