The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of interconnected physical devices embedded with sensors, actuators, processors, and communication technologies that enable them to collect, exchange, and process data over the internet. IoT is widely used in smart homes, healthcare, agriculture, manufacturing, transportation, and industrial automation. Despite its significant advantages, IoT possesses unique characteristics and faces several challenges, particularly in the domain of IoT security. One of the primary characteristics of IoT is connectivity. IoT devices communicate with each other and with cloud platforms using protocols such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, LoRaWAN, and cellular networks. This seamless communication enables real-time monitoring and automation. Another important characteristic is heterogeneity. IoT ecosystems consist of diverse devices manufactured by different vendors, operating on different hardware, software, and communication standards. This diversity increases flexibility but complicates integration and security management. Scalability is another defining characteristic of IoT. Modern IoT systems may include thousands or even millions of interconnected devices. As the number of devices grows, managing identities, configurations,