Entrepreneurial competencies are the combination of knowledge, skills, abilities, attitudes and behavioural characteristics that enable an entrepreneur to identify opportunities, mobilise resources, take calculated risks and successfully establish and develop a business venture. These competencies influence how entrepreneurs think, make decisions, deal with uncertainty and respond to changing market conditions. Although both entrepreneurs and traditional managers perform planning, organising and controlling functions, their behavioural orientation and approach to business challenges are significantly different. One of the most important entrepreneurial competencies is opportunity recognition. Successful entrepreneurs continuously observe customers, markets, technologies and social changes to identify unmet needs and new business possibilities. They do not merely manage existing operations but actively search for innovative opportunities and convert them into viable ventures. Innovation and creativity are also central entrepreneurial traits. Entrepreneurs develop new products, services, processes or business models and are willing to challenge established methods. A traditional manager generally focuses on improving the efficiency and stability of existing systems, whereas an entrepreneur is more likely to experiment with new approaches and create something different. Risk-taking ability distinguishes entrepreneurs from traditional managers. Entrepreneurship involves uncertainty regarding demand, competition, finance and technology. Successful entrepreneurs do not take reckless risks; instead, they assess alternatives, estimate possible outcomes and take calculated risks when potential rewards justify them. Managers generally operate within established organisational