Vaccination is one of the most effective and cost-effective public health interventions for preventing infectious diseases. It involves administering a vaccine to stimulate the body’s immune system to develop protection against a specific disease. Vaccines usually contain weakened, inactivated, or specific components of disease-causing organisms that stimulate an immune response without causing the disease itself. Vaccination protects individuals and also contributes to community protection by reducing the spread of infections. The primary objective of vaccination is to prevent morbidity, disability, and mortality caused by vaccine-preventable diseases. Diseases such as tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis, measles, hepatitis B, and several other infections can be prevented or controlled through appropriate vaccination. Immunization programmes have played a major role in reducing childhood deaths and improving population health. The eradication of smallpox and the substantial progress towards global polio eradication demonstrate the importance of vaccination in public health. Vaccination is particularly important during childhood because infants and young children are vulnerable to many infectious diseases. National immunization programmes