Question

State whether the following statements are True or False. Justify your answer with a short proof or a counter example: 
a) If P is a transition matrix of a Markov Chain, then all the rows of equation are identical.
b) In a variance-covariance matrix all elements are always positive.
c) If X1, X2, X3 are iid from equation, then equation follows equation.
d) The partial correlation coefficients and multiple correlation coefficients lie between -1 and 1.
e) For a renewal function equation.

10 Jan 2026
Answer :
Word Count : 221
a) False. A transition matrix of a Markov chain has rows that represent conditional probability distributions of moving from a given state to other states. Each row must sum to 1, but the rows need not be identical. For example, in a two-state Markov chain, the first row may be ((0.8, 0.2)) and the second row ((0.3, 0.7)); both are valid probability distributions but are clearly different. b) False. In a variance–covariance matrix, the diagonal elements (variances) are always non-negative, but the off-diagonal elements (covariances) can be positive,
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