Question
State the Law of Equimarginal Utility. Discuss its limitations.
Answer :
Word Count : 1355
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सम-सीमान्त उपयोगिता का नियम उपभोक्ता के व्यवहार और उपभोक्ता-संतुलन का एक महत्वपूर्ण सिद्धांत है। इसे गोसेन का दूसरा नियम भी कहा जाता है। इस नियम के अनुसार, जब किसी उपभोक्ता के पास सीमित आय होती है और वह अपनी आय को विभिन्न वस्तुओं तथा सेवाओं पर खर्च करता है, तो वह अपनी आय का वितरण इस प्रकार करता है कि प्रत्येक वस्तु पर खर्च किए गए अंतिम रुपये से प्राप्त सीमान्त उपयोगिता समान हो जाए। ऐसी स्थिति में उपभोक्ता को अपनी आय से अधिकतम कुल उपयोगिता प्राप्त होती है। सीमान्त उपयोगिता से आशय किसी वस्तु की एक अतिरिक्त इकाई के उपभोग से प्राप्त अतिरिक्त संतुष्टि से है। उदाहरण के लिए, यदि कोई व्यक्ति चाय का उपभोग करता है, तो पहली कप चाय से उसे बहुत अधिक संतुष्टि मिल सकती है, दूसरी कप से उससे कम और तीसरी कप से उससे भी कम। इस प्रकार, सामान्यतः किसी वस्तु की लगातार अधिक इकाइयों के उपभोग के साथ उसकी सीमान्त उपयोगिता घटती जाती है। इसे घटती सीमान्त उपयोगिता का नियम कहा जाता है। सम-सीमान्त उपयोगिता का नियम इसी घटती सीमान्त उपयोगिता के आधार पर उपभोक्ता के आय-वितरण को स्पष्ट करता है। यदि उपभोक्ता दो वस्तुओं, जैसे X और Y, का उपभोग करता है, तो संतुलन की स्थिति में उसके लिए निम्न शर्त लागू होगी— MUx/Px = MUy/Py जहाँ MUx वस्तु X की सीमान्त उपयोगिता, Px वस्तु X की कीमत, MUy वस्तु Y की सीमान्त उपयोगिता तथा Py वस्तु Y की कीमत है। यदि दोनों वस्तुओं की कीमत समान हो, तो उपभोक्ता उस स्थिति में संतुलन प्राप्त करेगा जब दोनों वस्तुओं की सीमान्त उपयोगिताएँ समान हों। उदाहरण के लिए, मान लें कि किसी उपभोक्ता के
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