Question
In what ways do dam construction alter the ecological balance? Elaborate with appropriate examples.
Answer :
Word Count : 1004
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बांध निर्माण आधुनिक विकास की प्रक्रिया में अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण माना गया है क्योंकि इसके माध्यम से सिंचाई, जलविद्युत उत्पादन, बाढ़ नियंत्रण और पेयजल आपूर्ति जैसी अनेक सुविधाएँ उपलब्ध कराई जाती हैं। किंतु जब प्राकृतिक संसाधनों पर अत्यधिक नियंत्रण और उपयोग होता है, तब पर्यावरणीय संतुलन में व्यापक बदलाव उत्पन्न होते हैं। बांध निर्माण का सबसे प्रत्यक्ष प्रभाव नदियों की प्राकृतिक धारा पर पड़ता है। नदी का प्रवाह रुकने से उसके आसपास की जैव विविधता प्रभावित होती है। मछलियों की प्रजातियाँ जो प्रवाही जल पर निर्भर होती हैं, उनका जीवन संकटग्रस्त हो जाता है। उदाहरणस्वरूप, नर्मदा घाटी में बने सरदार सरोवर और अन्य बांधों ने हजारों हेक्टेयर वनभूमि को डुबो दिया और वहाँ के प्राकृतिक आवास को नष्ट कर दिया। इससे अनेक जीव-जंतु और पक्षियों की पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र पर प्रतिकूल असर पड़ा। बांध निर्माण से जलाशयों के बनने के कारण बड़े पैमाने पर वन क्षेत्र जलमग्न हो जाते हैं। वन कटाई के कारण कार्बन अवशोषण की प्राकृतिक क्षमता घटती है, जिससे जलवायु परिवर्तन की समस्या और गंभीर होती है। मध्य प्रदेश, महाराष्ट्र और गुजरात में फैली नर्मदा घाटी परियोजना के अंतर्गत डूब क्षेत्र में लाखों पेड़ नष्ट हो गए। इससे न केवल पर्यावरणीय असंतुलन पैदा हुआ बल्कि वहाँ के आदिवासी समाज का जीवन भी प्रभावित हुआ क्योंकि उनकी आजीविका का मुख्य आधार जंगल ही था। जलाशयों के बनने से बड़ी मात्रा में मीथेन गैस का उत्सर्जन होता है। यह गैस तब उत्पन्न होती है जब जलमग्न क्षेत्र में पेड़-पौधे और जैविक पदार्थ
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