Liberal democracies played an important role in fostering the growth of nationalism in Europe by introducing ideas of popular sovereignty, individual rights, political participation, and national identity. From the late eighteenth century onwards, especially after the French Revolution of 1789, liberal democratic ideas challenged the traditional systems of monarchy and aristocratic privilege and encouraged people to view themselves as members of a nation with common political interests. The French Revolution became a major turning point in the development of nationalism. It introduced the idea that sovereignty belonged to the people rather than the king. Concepts such as liberty, equality, and fraternity created a sense of collective identity among French citizens. The revolution transformed subjects of a monarchy into citizens of a nation and encouraged other European peoples to demand political rights and national self-determination. Liberal democracies promoted nationalism by expanding political participation. The introduction of representative institutions, elected assemblies, and constitutional governments allowed people to take part in decision-making processes. As citizens gained the right to vote