Climate change is one of the most serious global challenges of the twenty-first century, and its impacts are not distributed equally among all sections of society. Women and children are among the most vulnerable groups, especially in developing countries where poverty, gender inequality, and limited access to resources already exist. From the perspective of population and sustainable development, climate change affects the health, education, livelihoods, security, and overall well-being of women and children in multiple and interconnected ways. Women are more affected by climate change because of their traditional roles and responsibilities in society. In many rural and low-income communities, women are primarily responsible for collecting water, firewood, and food for their families. As climate change leads to droughts, desertification, and deforestation, natural resources become scarce. Women and girls must travel longer distances to fetch water and fuel, which increases their physical burden and reduces the time available for education, income-generating activities, and rest. This not only affects their health but also limits their opportunities for empowerment and economic independence, thereby slowing sustainable development. Climate change also has a direct impact on women’s health. Extreme heat waves, floods, and natural disasters can increase the risk of injury and disease. Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to heat stress, malnutrition, and water-borne diseases. Poor maternal health can lead to complications during pregnancy and childbirth, increasing maternal mortality rates. In areas where healthcare infrastructure is weak, climate-related disasters disrupt medical services, making it difficult for women to access reproductive health care, prenatal services, and safe delivery facilities. This negatively affects population health indicators and long-term human development. Women’s economic vulnerability further intensifies the impact of climate change. In many developing countries, women are engaged in agriculture as small-scale farmers, laborers, or informal workers. Agriculture is highly dependent on climate conditions such as rainfall, temperature, and soil fertility. Changes in weather patterns, frequent floods, and prolonged droughts reduce crop yields and livestock productivity. As