River ecosystems play a fundamental role in supporting the livelihoods of millions of people globally, especially in developing and rural regions. These ecosystems provide a wide range of ecological services and resources which are intricately linked with the socio-economic well-being and cultural fabric of local communities. Their contribution extends beyond ecological value to directly ensuring livelihood security through fisheries, agriculture, freshwater access, energy, transportation, and cultural practices. The dynamic and productive nature of river ecosystems makes them critical for sustaining both biodiversity and human populations. One of the most direct contributions of river ecosystems to local livelihood security is the provision of freshwater resources. Rivers are a primary source of drinking water for many rural and urban populations. In many developing countries, local communities depend on rivers for daily domestic needs such as drinking, cooking, washing, and bathing. This reliance on river water underscores its value in meeting basic human necessities. Moreover, the availability of freshwater also supports the health and sanitation needs of these populations, contributing to better living standards and public health outcomes. Agriculture is another key sector supported by river ecosystems. Many local communities practice riverine or floodplain agriculture, where seasonal flooding of rivers enriches the soil with nutrients, making it highly fertile for growing crops. River irrigation systems sustain small-scale farmers by ensuring water availability during dry seasons, thus promoting food security. In regions such as the Indo-Gangetic plain, Nile delta, or Mekong basin, river-fed agriculture forms the backbone of local economies. Traditional irrigation practices like canal systems, wells, and lift irrigation are largely dependent on rivers and have evolved over centuries to optimize water use. Fishing and aquaculture represent critical livelihood sources associated with river ecosystems. Rivers provide habitats for numerous freshwater fish species, which serve as a major source of protein and income for riverine communities. Inland fisheries, especially in tropical regions, are central to subsistence and commercial fishing. Artisanal and small-scale fishers rely on river systems for their catch, and fish markets built around riverine harvests contribute significantly to local economies. Furthermore, the seasonal migration and breeding cycles of fish species are closely linked with river flow dynamics, making the maintenance of natural flow regimes essential for the sustainability of fish stocks. Besides fishing, river ecosystems support aquaculture practices such as cage culture, pond culture, and integrated rice-fish farming. These practices are often developed in floodplain areas or river-adjacent lands, enhancing productivity without extensive technological investment. The low capital requirement and proximity to water sources make river-dependent aquaculture a viable and inclusive livelihood option for marginalized and low-income communities. Rivers also play a significant role in supporting non-timber forest products and aquatic vegetation that are used by local populations for income and subsistence.